Mbiri ya maginito osowa padziko lapansi okhazikika a injini

Zosowa zapadziko lapansi (osowa padziko lapansi okhazikika maginito) are 17 metallic elements in the middle of the periodic table (atomic numbers 21, 39, and 57-71) that have unusual fluorescent, conductive, and magnetic properties that make them incompatible with more common metals such as Iron) is very useful when alloyed or mixed in small amounts. Geologically speaking, rare earth elements are not particularly rare. Deposits of these metals are found in many parts of the world, and some elements are present in roughly the same amount as copper or tin. However, rare earth elements have never been found in very high concentrations and are often mixed with each other or with radioactive elements such as uranium. The chemical properties of rare earth elements make it difficult to separate from surrounding materials, and these properties also make They are difficult to purify. Current production methods require large amounts of ore and generate large amounts of hazardous waste to extract only small amounts of rare earth metals, with waste from processing methods including radioactive water, toxic fluorine and acids.

Maginito oyambirira okhazikika omwe anapezeka anali mchere omwe amapereka mphamvu ya maginito yokhazikika. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, maginito anali osalimba, osakhazikika, komanso opangidwa ndi chitsulo cha carbon. Mu 1917, Japan anapeza cobalt maginito chitsulo, amene anasintha. Kuchita kwa maginito okhazikika kwapitilirabe bwino kuyambira pomwe adapezeka. Kwa Alnicos (Al/Ni/Co alloys) m'zaka za m'ma 1930, chisinthikochi chinawonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu (BH) max, zomwe zinasintha kwambiri khalidwe la maginito okhazikika, ndi mphamvu ya maginito, Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kumatha kusinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamakina ogwiritsira ntchito maginito.

Maginito oyamba a ferrite adapezeka mwangozi mu 1950 mu labotale ya physics ya Philips Industrial Research ku Netherlands. Wothandizira adachipanga molakwika - amayenera kukonzekera chitsanzo china kuti aphunzire ngati zinthu za semiconductor. Zinapezeka kuti zinalidi maginito, choncho zidaperekedwa ku gulu lofufuza maginito. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake yabwino ngati maginito komanso mtengo wotsika wopanga. Momwemo, chinali chinthu chopangidwa ndi Philips chomwe chinali chiyambi cha kuwonjezeka kwachangu pakugwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika.

M'zaka za m'ma 1960, maginito oyambirira osowa padziko lapansi(osowa padziko lapansi okhazikika maginito)anapangidwa kuchokera ku kaloti wa lanthanide element, yttrium. Ndi maginito amphamvu kwambiri okhazikika okhala ndi maginito apamwamba kwambiri komanso kukana kwa demagnetization. Ngakhale ndi okwera mtengo, osalimba komanso osagwira ntchito pa kutentha kwakukulu, akuyamba kulamulira msika pamene ntchito zawo zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri. Kukhala ndi makompyuta amunthu kunakula kwambiri mzaka za m'ma 1980, zomwe zikutanthauza kufunikira kwakukulu kwa maginito okhazikika a hard drive.

Ma aloyi monga samarium-cobalt adapangidwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi m'badwo woyamba wa zitsulo zosinthika ndi zosowa zapadziko lapansi, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, mtengo wa cobalt udakwera kwambiri chifukwa chosakhazikika ku Congo. Panthawiyo, maginito apamwamba kwambiri a samarium-cobalt (BH) max anali apamwamba kwambiri ndipo gulu lofufuza limayenera kusintha maginitowa. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, mu 1984, chitukuko cha maginito okhazikika ozikidwa pa Nd-Fe-B chinaperekedwa koyamba ndi Sagawa et al. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa zitsulo za ufa ku Sumitomo Special Metals, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosungunulira yochokera ku General Motors. Monga momwe chithunzi chili m'munsimu, (BH) max bwino kwa pafupifupi zaka zana, kuyambira ≈1 MGOe zitsulo ndi kufika pafupifupi 56 MGOe kwa NdFeB maginito pa zaka 20 zapitazi.

Kukhazikika kwazinthu zamafakitale kwakhala kofunikira posachedwapa, ndipo zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka, zomwe zadziwika ndi mayiko ngati zida zazikulu zopangira chifukwa cha chiwopsezo chawo chachikulu komanso kufunika kwachuma, zatsegula malo oti afufuze maginito atsopano osowa padziko lapansi. Njira imodzi yopangira kafukufuku ndikuyang'ana mmbuyo maginito okhazikika okhazikika, maginito a ferrite, ndikuwaphunziranso pogwiritsa ntchito zida zonse zatsopano zomwe zilipo zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Mabungwe angapo tsopano akugwira ntchito zofufuza zatsopano zomwe zikuyembekeza kusintha maginito osowa padziko lapansi ndi njira zina zobiriwira, zogwira mtima.